Declarative and Procedural Knowledge
There are two types of knowledge that can be classified during skill
and competence acquisition as mentioned by John R. Anderson in 1982.
Anderson extrapolated this model from Fitts' model which was divided
into three categories:
1) cognitive stage of learning (basic understanding)
2) associative stage (smoothing out)
3) auotonomous stage (automatic)
Anderson
combined the first two categories into one type of knowledge which he
termed 'declarative knowledge.' Declarative knowledge is 'knowing
that.' When you first hear a song, you have declarative knowledge of
that song with an approximate rating of .1 depending on the complexity
of the song. With each repeated listening, this declarative knowledge
is strengthened additively by .025. So after listening to a song three
times the factor will be .1+(.025x3)=0.175. This is a slow but
effective process of strengthening your understanding as you absorb the
lyrics (if any), form, rhythm, melody and any other musical parametres.
A rating of 1 means that you know all aspects of the song through
passive listening and maybe participatory action through singing, air
guitar, whatever. According to this formula, this would mean you would
need to listen to a song about 36 times to have solid declarative
knowledge of the song. Of course, putting forumulas and hard numbers to
abstract psychological concepts can never be correct due to the immense
number of variables involved. However, it does help to form a basic
paradigm as to the rate at which we absorb and form understandings
about new things.
The other type of knowledge according to
Anderson is 'procedural knowledge'. Procedural knowledge is 'knowing
how.' This is the stage at which you are applying and transforming
declarative knowledge about the song into procedural knowledge so that
you can reproduce the song on your instrument. This transformative
process is known as compilation. Compilation is combining your musical,
kinesthetic and theoretical knowledge with the knowledge of the song
until you can play the song on your instrument. Even after the song is
learned, you continue to learn by the process of 'tuning' which is
constant refinement of your playing as it becomes autonomous and as you
search for better ways to play it.